An Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman

EvansHUM 2210 REVIEW SHEET EXAM 1 LISTS1. Features that identify a society as civilizeda. Agriculture (irrigation) and breeding of animals = nimiety food (goats, peig, cattle, sheep). Wheat, barley, rice, and maize. (Sci&Tech- polish stone tools. Ex stone sickles)b. Cities large apart handst settlements= standard computer architecture & surplus manpowerc. Writing (gifts of the gods)= records. Pictograph, ideogram, cuneiform.d. Institutions for centralise & inherited power . Priesthood for centralized sacred ritual Kingship for centralized political and social structure (Paraoh= kings in Egypt) .2. Geographical areas of early civilizations (Attached)3. Ages of early Greek mythology to Ovid ( Poet of Metamorphoses)a. Origin of humans sacred remains (wise and rulers) blood of titans (murderous and criminals), and stones( nullifyurance)b. 4 ages as decline golden (peace), Silver (seasons &farming), Bronze (war), Iron (mining, deforestation, crime).4. Dominant and alternate cultura l themes in the Iliad Audience upper-class men Purpose cultural propaganda.Greek Heros= models of courage & skill to men (what to be) & women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes Family principle, simpleton country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer represents the culmination of a long and vigorous tradition in which oral recitationpossibly to instrumental accompanimentwas a popular kind of entertainment. Iliad, Odyssey.6. Major column types in Greek architecture (know the parts) a. Doric send off projects strength, power. useable for king or state intimidate?Temple to powerful gods. b. Ionic elegant, sophisticated. Useful for gods and people of wisdom. Libraries. c. Corinthian more sophisticated. Projects wealth and power that comes with it. Useful to imperial Rome to intimidate and amaze. Makes the emperor or state look all powerful, even if they aren t pic7. Major parts of architectural buildings on the Acropolis of capital of Greece (City on the hills. Ex Propyleia & Parthenon) a. Propylaia Monumental entrance as the gate/threshold into the sacred hill. b. Athena Nike shrine to Athena as goddess of victory. Guardian of the hill. c. Parthenon (the Virgin) East Pediment (front) kind of Athena. Born from the head of Zeus= intuition. Feminine principle of wisdom, sacred bird is the one. West Pediment (back) Competition between Athena & Poseidon for Athens. Ancestors chose Athens gift for the olive guide= they preferred to war. Athenians all sheer this wisdom and desire for peace. The metopes (framed carvings on each side) the victories over the Amazons, centaurs, giants, and Trojans/Persians = justice prevails over brute force, aggression.8. Major philosophers of the Greek serious music and classic periods Greek Classical a. Moral Socrates Dialectic Method= critical approach. Question & answer search for Truth Knowledge is vir tue & to know the good is to do the good. The unexamined life is not worth living Produced skeptics (only believe what is absolutely certain) & agnostics (dont believe what is not known for certain). b. Social Plato Student of Socrates Founded Academy in Athens, 387 B. C. system of Forms where is Truth uncanning, state Level 4 Knowledge= certainties Level 3 Thinking= math geometry abstracts Lower Levels Opinions Level 2 Beliefs (Material world is line up gone. ) Level 1 Imaginings (Images art = reality) Allegory of the Cave. Truth is painful. c. Logic Aristotle Student of Plato, founded school in Athens, 335 B. C. Organized natural accomplishments into biology, zoology, botany Theory of Universals Inductive Science Universals discovered from particulars, therefore studying the material world can (only) produce universals/ absolutes. Platos dualism devalued study of material world. Deductive/Formal Logic for ethics and science Hellenistic a. Epicuranism Founder Epicuru s (341-271 B. C. ) Atomist all matter made up of atoms so all forms are random no controls No afterlife death= end no judgment Absolute free will each creates own destiny absolute individuality Goal of life Pleasure (hedone hedonism) *individual pleasure - society would crush Pleasure absence of pain. Pain unsatisfied desires. Minimal desires Peace & pleasure harmony = agreement between desires and fulfillment. Life of Moderation (Ex recognition card vs. cash budget). b. Stoicism *Resistance cause pain, learn to live the Stoic life. Founder Zeno (334-262 B. C. ) Social Logos (=Heraclitus) All natural and society controlled by reason. The destiny of one is the FOR THE GOOD OF THE WHOLE. Happiness accepting ones destiny. Suffering resisting predestined life Stoic Goal Evenness, dispassionate= no jubilate in success, no sorrow in failure. Brotherhood of Man Logos Lives in everything and everyone as fire DEFINITION (know the basic meaning or deferred payment of each term) -Polytheism/monotheism the belief in many gods/ the belief in only one god. Post & lintel the simplest form or architectural construction, consisting of vertical members (posts) and bread and butter horizontals (lintels). Caste System a rigid social stratification in India based on differences in wealth, rank, or occupation. Muse/muses music Ziggurat a terraced tower of rubble and brick that served ancient Mesopotamians as a temple-shrine. Pharaoh title of Egyptian king. Dialectic question-and- answer style (Socrates) Animism the belief that the forces of nature are inhibited by spirits. Homeopathic power infused based on likeness or imitation. *exaggerates sometime. Hellenistic followed by the Classical era the blending of Greek, African, and Asian cultures. Pantheism the belief that a overlord spirit pervades all things in universe. Contagion power transferred by contact. Stoic Logos Seminal Reason, through which all things came to be, by which all things were ordered , and to which all things returned. romance story form (poetry) vs. philosophy or scientific explanation typically involving gods and ancestors with supernatural power. Purpose to order universe and society. Ethnocentric the belief in the intrinsic superiority of ones own ethnic group or culture. Epicureanism Happiness depending on avoiding all forms of physical excess valued plain living and the perfect nub of digity and mind.Gods played no part in human life, and death was nothing more than the rearrangement of atoms which the body and all of nature consist. Covenant contract the bod between the Hebrew people and their god. Yin/Yang the principle, which ancient Chinese emperors called the foundation of the entire universe, interprets all nature as the dynamic product of two interacting cosmic forces, or modes of energy, commonly configured as twin interpenetrating shapes enclosed within a circle. Yang- male principle lightness, hardness, brightness, warmth, and the sun. Y ing- female principle darkness, softness, moisture, coolness, the earth. Metope the square panel between the aerate ends under the roof of a structure. Platos Theory of Formswhere is Truth? Above perfect world of forms originals, absolute, uncanning state. Below imperfect world of matter copies, changing, opinions. Ideal cataclysm heros life changes from fortune to misfortune due to intellectual error. Pediment the triangular space forming the gable of a two-pitched roof in Classical architecture any similar triangular form found over a portico, door, or window. Epic History a long narrative poem that recounts the whole kit of a legendary or historical hero in his quest for meaning or identity.IDENTIFICATION Know who or what each refers to -Venus Figurines sympathetic & contagious conjuration for fertility of nature and humans. -Stone Henge sacred space limitation of celestial world? Sun and moon for their fertility power? -Parthenon the outstanding architectural achievement of Golden Age Athens -Gate of Ishtar one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon (main entrance), was built during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II (604- 562 BC), after he burned Jerusalem. showtime point for Nebuchadnezzar II, after he bought the kingdom of Judah to an end he wants to beautify the capital. Achilles Achaean (Greek) hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homers Iliad. -Plato Wrote the famous treatise, Republic. Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. -Hammurapi sixth king of Babylon, known for the set of rights called Hammurabis Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. -Athena goddess of wisdom and war. -Sophocles second of the great tragedians, developed his plots through the actions of the characters.He modified the ceremonial formality of earlier Greek tragedies by individualizing the characters and introducing moments of great psychological intimacy. Antigone -Confucius Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. -Zeus the powerful sky god. -Epicurus Greek thinker who advocated Epicuranism. -Moses the leader who led the Hebrews across the Red Sea. -Antigone A tragic play wrote by Sophocles.Proceed from the last phase of the history of Thebes. The play deals with many issues responsibleness to family (generation) vs. duty to state/law female willpower vs. male authority (gender) -Homer poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey -Aristotle Student of Plato, Aristotles writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of occidental philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. -Zeno Founder of Stoicism. MAP (be able to match the culture wi th its geography) 2. Nile r. / Jerusalem/Egypt 3. Euphrates r. / Tigris r. Persia /Babylon/ Mesopotamia 4. Olympus /Athens/ Aegean Sea/ Greece pic