Metric Unit Prefixes

Metric or SI (Le Systà ¨me International dUnità ©s) units are based on units of ten. Very large or very small numbers are easier to work with when you can replace any scientific notation with a name or word. The metric unit prefixes are short words that indicate a multiple or fraction of a unit. The prefixes are the same no matter what the unit is, so decimeter means 1/10th of a meter and deciliter means 1/10th of a liter, while kilogram means 1000 grams and kilometer means 1000 meters. Decimal-based prefixes have been used in all forms of the metric system, dating back to the 1790s. The prefixes used today have been standardized from 1960 to 1991 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use in the metric system and the International System of Units (SI). Examples Using Metric Prefixes The distance from City A to City B is 8.0 x 103 meters. From the table, 103 can be replaced with the prefix kilo. Now the distance could be stated as 8.0 kilometers or shortened further to 8.0 km. The distance from Earth to the Sun is approximately 150,000,000,000 meters. You could write this as 150 x 109 m, 150 gigameters or 150 Gm. The width of human hair runs on the order of 0.000005 meters. Rewrite this as 50 x 10-6m, 50 micrometers, or 50 ÃŽ ¼m. Metric Prefixes Chart This table lists common metric prefixes, their symbols, and how many units of ten each prefix is when the number is written out. Prefix Symbol x from 10x Full Form yotta Y 24 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 zetta Z 21 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 exa E 18 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 peta P 15 1,000,000,000,000,000 tera T 12 1,000,000,000,000 giga G 9 1,000,000,000 mega M 6 1,000,000 kilo k 3 1,000 hecto h 2 100 deca da 1 10 base 0 1 deci d -1 0.1 centi c -2 0.01 milli m -3 0.001 micro ÃŽ ¼ -6 0.000001 nano n -9 0.000000001 pico p -12 0.000000000001 femto f -15 0.000000000000001 atto a -18 0.000000000000000001 zepto z -21 0.000000000000000000001 yocto y -24 0.000000000000000000000001 Interesting Metric Prefix Trivia Not all of the metric prefixes that were proposed were adopted. For example, myria- or myrio- (104) and the binary prefixes double- (factor of 2) and demi- (one-half) were originally used in France in 1795, but were dropped in 1960 because they were not symmetrical or decimal. The prefix hella- was proposed in 2010 by UC Davis student Austin Sendek for one octillion (1027). Despite receiving significant support, the Consultative Committee for Units rejected the proposal. Some websites did, however, adopt the prefix, notably Wolfram Alpha and Google Calculator. Because the prefixes are based on units of ten, you dont have to use a calculator to perform conversions between different units. All you need to do is move the decimal point to the left or right or add/subtract exponents of 10 in scientific notation. For example, if you want to convert millimeters to meters, you can move the decimal point three places to the left: 300 millimeters 0.3 meters If you have trouble trying to decide which direction to move a decimal point, use common sense. Millimeters are small units, while a meter is large (like a meter stick), so there should be lots of millimeters in a meter. Converting from a large unit to a smaller unit works the same way. For example, converting kilograms to centigrams, you move the decimal point 5 places to the right (3 to get to the base unit and then 2 more): 0.040 kg 400 cg

Visible M Ethics And A World Without Secrets - 1399 Words

With new technology rolling out onto the market seemingly everyday, the privacy of many is disappearing and has even become nonexistent. With many scandals over the past few years, government agencies have been accused of using these new communication resources as means to keep a watchful eye over their citizens. This is the very topic discussed by Peter Singer in his essay â€Å"Visible Man: Ethics in a World without Secrets†. Singer discusses the benefits and pitfalls that have come from these communication innovations, going in depth on the tactics and resources used by civilians as well as governments to keep track of each other. Singer presents strong premises that argue for the conservation of the individual privacy rights while also arguing for governments to become more transparent, creating an overall controversial element to his essay, as he is only half invested in transparency as a whole between civilians and the body that governs them, that comes off as somewhat unconvincing as the two arguments contradict each other. Singer’s premise that educated and ethical citizens are the solution to a repressive government is a strong, yet controversial claim. However, I believe that the reality of this statement relies on human nature, something that can be unpredictable. Many governments have covered up their actions in order to blind the public to the corruption and evil that has taken part in, as well as to retain their power over their people. 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Native American Cultural Assessment the Cherokee free essay sample

In the interest of promoting tolerance and peace, and with regard to the United States governments handling of Native affairs, their story is one that is manful, stoic, and must not be forgotten. The Cherokee people were a large and powerful tribe. The Cherokees Macro- Simian- Iroquois language and their migration legends demonstrate that the tribe originated to the north of their traditional Southeastern homelands. Linguists believe that the Cherokee migrated from the Great Lakes area to the Southeast over three thousand years ago.The Cherokee language is a branch of the Iroquois language family, related to Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga, Wyandotte-Huron, Tuscarawas, Oneida and Mohawk. Original locations of the Cherokee were the southern Appalachian Mountains, including western North and South Carolina, northern Georgia and Alabama, southwest Virginia, and the Cumberland Basin of Tennessee, Kentucky, and northern Alabama. The Cherokee sometimes refer to themselves as Ann.- Kuwaiti, the people of Kuwait. Kuwait was the name of an ancient city, located near present Bryon City, NC, which was the center of the Cherokee Nation.Long before Columbus discovered the New World or Spanish explorer Hernandez De Sotto arrived, the Cherokee territory stretched from the Ohio River to the north, and southward into Georgia and Alabama. Their anomalies extended over 1 35,000 square miles. Cherokee villages had populations of about 350 to 600 persons. Before contact with Europeans, families built round, earth-covered homes for the winter. For the warmer summers they built larger, rectangular homes. The rectangular homes had upright poles forming a framework. The outer covering was bark, wood or woven siding coated with earth and clay.The Cherokee were primarily an agricultural people. They relied heavily on corn, beans, and squash, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of wild plants. Corn was their most important crop, so important to them they had a Rooney when the corn began to get ripe in hopes that the corn would continue to grow well. The Green Corn Ceremony was the most important ceremony. It did not have a certain date because it occurred when the corn became ripe. This ceremony marked the end of the old year and the beginning of a new year for the Cherokees.The ceremony was the time of thanksgiving and of a spiritual renewal. Other crops planted were beans, squash, and sunflowers. The Cherokee also hunted. The main two animals that were hunted were white-tailed deer and wild turkey. Other animals that were hunted are bear, quail, rabbit, and squirrel. The Cherokee traveled quite a bit to other towns to trade. They traveled by streams or rivers in canoes. The canoes were quite large at thirty to forty feet long and about two feet wide. About fifteen to twenty men could travel in these canoes. Cherokee hunting trips were important events.Only men who were fully cleansed and fit were allowed to go on the hunt. When the men needed to go on a hunt they had to obtain a priests permission. Cherokee society reflected an elaborate social, political, and ceremonial structure. Their basic political unit was the town, which consisted of all the people who used a single ceremonial center. Within each town, a council, dominated by older men, handled political affairs. Individual towns sent representatives to regional councils to discuss policy for the corporate group, especially issues of diplomacy or warfare. Towns typically included thirty to forty households clustered around a central townhouse that was used as a meeting place. Houses were square or rectangular huts constructed of locked poles, weatherproofed with wattle and daub plaster, and roofed with bark. These houses were built by the men and took quite a while to build. Construction began in early spring to get the boards from trees. When summer came around the men stopped with the houses and turned to planting crops. As fall arrived the men began to actually put the houses together.Often men from other towns came to help their fellow Cherokee. The Cherokee society was organized into clans, or kin groups. There were seven major Cherokee clans, each identified by a particular animal totem. A variety of clans was represented in each community and performed significant social, legal, and political functions. This seven-clan system distinguished the Cherokee from the many other Native American tribes. The number seven is found throughout Cherokee legends, beliefs, and customs including their seven-sided council house, and the seven Cherokee festivals.The seven-sided provided seven sections of seats within, giving each clan a section for its representatives within the governmental structure. The Cherokee clans are a matrilineal society. The home, family, children, inheritance, family ties, and clan membership are under the control and guidance of the women members. Traditionally, The husband served to supply meat and father the children. All Cherokee children belonged to their mother, and clan lineage is passed through the mother. Grooms were adopted into the clan of tier spouse.In the Cherokee Marriage Ceremony, the groom would bring an offering of meat to the brides family, showing that he is a good hunter and promising to help support them. The bride brings offerings of food, showing that she can be a good homemaker. Then they would join together under the ceremonial blanket, showing that they could both support a family. The knowledge off persons clan is important for many reasons. Historically, and still today among Cherokee traditionalists, it is forbidden to marry within your clan because clan members are considered rather and sisters.A woman got her name, and her Clan from her female elders. She keeps this name for life, even if she is baptized with an Anglo name or married. His mother gives a boy a soft, loving type of a name. The primary responsibility for discipline and teaching hunting and warfare Was not the responsibility Of a childs father but with his maternal uncle. When he becomes a man, his uncles will give him a new name. When he is matured and ready to become a warrior, young males would go on a vision quest. The medicine man then gives the man a new name, related to his vision quest, that he would use for fife.Cherokee villages were largely independent in daily matters, with the main tribe only getting together for ceremonies or war parties. Political leadership was divided according to the current circumstances: red chiefs during war and white chiefs in times of peace. The Cherokee nation was composed of a confederacy Of red and white towns, or, war and peace towns. A supreme war chief of the entire tribe led the chiefs of the red towns, while the officials of the white towns were under the supreme peace chief of the tribe.All of the Cherokees weapons and tools were made from plants, animals, and there natural things like rocks and minerals. This lasted until tools and weapons were available from the white men. The most commonly used weapon was the bow and arrow. Other weapons were the stone ax and club. Skills such as basket weaving and pottery making were used. Anthropologists discovered that Cherokee basket and pottery styles resemble those of South American and Caribbean tribes, differing from other tribes of the southeast U. S.This could be evidence that they contact with Natives from these areas. In 1 540 the Cherokee settled to a territory about 40,000 square miles in size n the southeast area Of the United States. Hernandez De Sots expedition is believed to have made the first European contact in 1 540 when they met the Cherokees on the Tennessee River. When De Sotto first encountered the Cherokee, he found a peaceful nation of people that were living in about 200 settlements or towns. The most dramatic effect that De Sotto and his explorers brought to the Cherokee was bringing new European epidemics.In 1650 their population was about 22,000, after smallpox epidemic had reduced their number by nearly one- half. The Spanish maintained a small mining and operation in the area until 690. The Cherokees location in the interior mountains kept them relatively isolated until after the settlement of Virginia by colonists in 1609. In 1629 some English traders had entered into the Appalachia mans and met the Cherokee people. Contact for the Cherokees then became continuous with the founding of the Carolina colonies in 1663. The Cherokee population in 1674 was about 50,000.The Cherokee soon realized that the settlers were not going to go away anytime soon. They entered into a treaty with South Carolina 1684. This began a steady trade in deerskins and even Indian slaves. Organizational hanged began to occur within the Cherokee as a result of trade contacts. Leadership shifted from priests to warrior, and warriors became hunters for profit, not just for subsistence of the tribe. The Cherokee had begun a new tradition of adapting to the incursion of settlers and traders, and one of learning the ways of the white men.And their increasing dependence on trade goods began to draw alliances between the Cherokee and the British. Cherokee intermarried with whites more than with members of other Indian tribes. This caused many problems with the laws of the clans. However, even Hough the children were Of both white and Indian ancestry, their clansmen regarded them as Cherokee. The Cherokees were allies of the British in their wars against the French and Spanish between 1689 and 1763. The Cherokees raided Spanish settlements in Florida during 1 673 and also fought with the coastal tribes of the Carolinas area.Epidemic continued to wage against the Cherokee. Their population in 1674 was about 50,000. A series of smallpox epidemics in 1 729, 1 738, and 1753 reduced there numbers by half. During the American Revolutionary War the Cherokee sided with the British against the colonists. In fact, just three days before the signing of the Declaration Of Independence, Cherokee warriors attacked along the entire southern Fortier. After the Revolutionary War the Cherokees were generally treated badly by the Americans and what was left of the French since they had sided with the British. Roving bands or Militias often attacked Cherokee villages. The nations new President George Washington ordered that the Cherokee would be used as an assimilation experiment in Indian education and that the future other Indian tribes would depend on the Cherokees example. Loans for college were set up so that upper level Cherokee education could be undertaken. Around 1800 the Cherokee began adopting the economics and politics of the white settlers around them. Some Cherokee owned plantations and even kept slaves. Many Cherokees adopted white names.During the early sasss the Cherokee were to become one of the most progressive, and successful tribes in the United States. The tribe formed a republican government called the Cherokee Nation. It was set up much like the new U. S. Government. The government included a chief, a vice-chief and 32 council members. A constitution of code laws was also put in place. Still, in spite Of the Cherokees civilized ways of living; white settlers wanted the government to move all of the Southeastern U. S. Indians to the new frontier areas west of the Mississippi River.In 1821 a Cherokee named Sequoias introduced a system for writing their language. Sequoias is the only known person in history to single-handedly invent a written language. As a child Sequoias had no formal education. He studied hard to learn the white mens language. Sequoias had always dreamed of the language from as far back as 1 809 until 820 when he began o work on it. Sequoias first tried pictures as characters in his alphabet, but soon had hundreds Of characters and gave up that idea. He next used his own symbols to form sentences, words, and syllables.His language turned out 86 characters long that represented all the sounds in the Cherokee tongue. Cherokees originally discouraged See ayah at first because they thought his idea was crazy. This soon changed and he even received a silver medal for inventing the language. The language helped the Cherokee become one of the civilized tribes. The Cherokee even developed their own newspaper. The Cherokee Phoenix was a newspaper written in English and Cherokee print. The paper taught the Cherokees and white settlers about the Cherokee daily life and customs. In 1 830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act.Some senators were against the act, but it passed anyway. The Indian Removal Act gave president Jackson the power to exchange lands west of the Mississippi for the southeastern territory of the Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminole. It was not enough that Cherokees were taking up the ways of the white men; you see it was gold fever that was Enid this act. Gold was discovered and the white men rushed into the Cherokee lands to try to get rich. The administration of President Andrew Jackson produced a fraudulent treaty that was signed by many Cherokees.According to the treaty the Cherokee were to move west to Indian Territory. The removal policy also led to conflict between Jackson and the U. S. Supreme Court, which had ruled in favor of the right of the Cherokees to retain their lands in Georgia. Jackson refused to enforce the Courts decision. Another interesting, and sad side note to this affair is that during the Creek War, Cherokee Chief John Ross fought valiantly under General Andrew Jackson. At the battle of Horseshoe Bend, Ross was instrumental in turning the tide of battle in Jacksons favor.John Ross, a leader of the Cherokees, born to a Scottish father and a part-Cherokee mother fought hard for the Cherokee peoples rights but eventually was forced to lead them to new lands in the West. During the winter of 1838-39, the U. S. Army forced approximately 15,000 Cherokee to move to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Many of the Cherokee did not have warm clothing, or even shoes, for the winter march. Thousands died n the way, including the wife fjord Ross. This forced march became known as The Trail of Tears. Around 1 ,OHO Cherokee escaped removal and stayed in the mountains of North Carolina.Eventually they bought land there, and the government even allowed them to stay. Today they are known as the Eastern Band of Cherokee. In Oklahoma, the Cherokee set up their own government with schools, and churches. A re-run of earlier events was set to occur. In the late asses, Congress abolished the Cherokee Nation and opened much of the Cherokee land for resettlement by whites. During the Civil War, the Cherokee were aligned with the Confederacy. Who loud blame them after the way they had been treated by the Republic? A declaration rebuking all existing treaties with the Federal Government was approved.Chief John Ross signed the treaty with the Confederacy. One Cherokee, Stand Waite rose to the rank of General in the Confederate Army. General Stand Waite was a greatly respected strategist by the opposing Union Generals. On June 23, 1865, Stand Waite was the last Confederate general to surrender his command to the United States. The displaced Five Tribes tried to form their own state of Sequoias in eastern Oklahoma. That failed in 1905, and the Cherokee Nation was officially solved on March 3, 1906 during the process leading to the creation of the state of Oklahoma.The present government of the Cherokee Nation was formed in 1 948 after passage 1 934 Indian Reorganization Act. In 1961, the U. S. Claims Commission awarded the Cherokee a $1 settlement. This was to account for lands taken from the Cherokee. Today, many Cherokee (numbering around 1 00,000 people) live in northeastern Oklahoma, where they have restored their tribal government. Some still live on a reservation in North Carolina. Many other Cherokee have moved elsewhere, and thousands of people of mixed Cherokee and white ancestry live throughout the United States.

The Role of Culture in International Marketing

Introduction Culture of a given market represents the way different people in such a market behave and carry out their daily endeavours. In a black box perspective, culture is a representation of a population’s way of life. Markedly, cultures vary from state to state and community to community.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Role of Culture in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Whites, Blacks, Arabs, Hispanics, and other divisive groups exhibit different cultures. Values, norms, traditions, customs, and beliefs represent some of the elements exhibiting cultural differences. Businesses require utmost care in developing adequate understanding of the impacts of culture on consumer behaviours. Developing an intricate understanding of the different types of cultures that exist across the globe enables business franchises to create ample marketing systems that improve the rate of sales. In understanding the cultural setup in a market, businesses require analysis of key elements that inform cultural practices within a given market. Developing products and services becomes irrelevant without proper marketing strategies. Therefore, implementing these strategies in the global market require putting into consideration consumer differences in terms of values, beliefs, thought processes, and traditions (Cateora and Graham 2007, p. 35). Equally, different cultures appreciate different languages, religions, and symbols. Understanding all these facets within the confines of a marketing strategy enables business entities to win the hearts of many consumers, thereby improving the chances of higher profit margins. This paper seeks to explore the different elements in culture that inform marketing strategy in local and international business franchise. Similarly, the paper seeks to understand the role of consumer culture in marketing and effects of culture on advertis ement. Dimensions of Culture As Czinkota and Ronkainen (2007, p. 128) demote, many scholars argue that individuals develop cultures from interaction with different characters within a society. Characters, behaviours, traits, and customs within which an individual duels create a systematic and predicable way of life congruent to the interactive elements.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the development and conformity into a given culture, different individuals begin to develop tastes and preferences for different products and services (Byrd and Megginson 2013, p. 44). Most cultural groups stick to their behaviours and customs since developing a contrary way of life creates animosity within the society. For this reason, several cultures remain reluctant in embracing foreign ways of life, hence creating serious hurdles for international business franchises seeking pene tration in a new market. According to Hofsede (2001, p. 73), for business franchise to develop an adequate understanding of the cultural structures for successful market penetration, understanding the different cultural dimensions within such markets becomes compulsory. Individualism versus collectivism Individualism draws inspiration from the school of thought that believes that individuals hold absolute rights over their lives. Due to this, each person in a given society holds lives his/her life based on personal choices that he/she considers best (Allik and Anu 2004, p. 46). Such choices and preferences translate into the market trends exhibited among the different groups of products and services. Individualism in the investment perspective represents the capitalist nature such as the US economy. Collectivism, on the other hand, relies on the concepts of communal and/or societal ownership of life. In a society practicing collectivism, individuals’ lifestyles draw direction s and instructions from a set of pre-set societal and communal customs as Jeannet and Hennessey (2004, p. 82) observe in their work on marketing strategies. Communist economies such as the former USSR represent some of the countries whose economic policies appreciated collectivism. For international marketing to penetrate into a new setting, understanding the different personal and communal structures and tendencies remains paramount (Reynolds and Siminitiras 2000, p. 840). Power distance Kotler (2000, p. 187) describes power distance as the quantity of authority spread out in business management through cultural practices and customs of a society. Power distance describes the culture of power sharing between the business management units and the subordinates.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Role of Culture in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such power distributions define the t ype of relationship that exists throughout the business entity’s organisational structures and culture. In business settings with lower power distance, there exists more interaction between management units and subordinate employees. Such entities engaged in highly devolved systems of duty allocation (De Mooij 2009, p. 42). Business entities with high power distance on the hand, boasts of minimal interaction between management personnel and the subordinate staff. They exhibit highly centralised system of responsibility allocation. In lower power distance set up, lower cadre employees get opportunities to dictate the kind of product and service offered as well as decisions implemented in the running of the entity. The high power set is relatively dictatorial with management holding the absolute power over the business management decisions. In the US, for example, most companies practice low power distance cultures while in Saudi Arabia and China, the business management system s are relatively dictatorial (Onkvisit and Shaw 2009, p. 97). In order to explore a new marketing strategy, business development officers need to understand the different power distance structures existing within the market in question. Understanding these culture forms a prerequisite for successful evaluation and implementation of a business marketing strategy. Masculinity versus femininity Different societies hold different opinions on gender balances and equality. In the Asian societies, for example, male domination in various development sectors continues even as the Western World appreciates affirmative actions and integrates women empowerment in job distributions and management positions. International marketing, therefore, requires an in depth understanding of the role of different gender in a given society before venturing into market penetration plans. Similarly, in the advertisement segment of marketing, understanding the conservative opinions of a given market structure o n gender issues entices the target audience, thus improving the rate of sales. Notably, an increase in sales volume holds the likelihood of high profit margins (Mullins and Christy 2011, p. 69). Uncertainty avoidance In many cultures, people avoid engaging in activities with little assurance on the probable benefits of such engagements. Directing energy to low risk activities with great prospects on benefits remains the basic driver of investors.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equally, in the consumer world, several individual enjoy the use and association with product and services that presents the value for prices (DeWulf, Gaby, and Dawn 2001, p. 38). This culture remains rampant in the Western World and the capitalist nations. In Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and Japan on the hand, uncertainty avoidance becomes irrelevant in the investment arena. This implies that such economic offer markets with high degree of tolerance to risks and low emphasis on the rates on return on investments. For this reason, several multinational agencies from the Western World find it easy to access, invest, and penetrate markets in Asia under minimal risks while the Asian investors find it difficult to enjoy business in the Western World. Understanding the level of uncertainty avoidance in the market helps business franchises understand the culture of market and economic systems thus improving the rate of adaptability resulting into high speed of market penetrati on (Brad 2006, p. 32). Period of orientation In some cultures, individuals focus on long-term goals at the expense of short-term objectives. Such individuals find it easy to sacrifice short-term achievements in order to pursue longer objectives in the market. In such as setting the culture becomes highly dependent on the values of persistence and perseverance. In the short-term cultures, individuals stress the need for present goals at the expense of the future objectives. High rates of obsessions with short terms goal confine business investment success (Malhotra 2008, p. 218). For example, in case a multinational entity seeks to explore a market composed of consumers with short-term orientation, difficulties arise if the probable impacts of the business franchises are exhibited in the end. Likewise, in long-term orientation market structures, business franchises with short-term goals on the impacts on consumers face difficulties in market penetrations (Keegan and Green 2013, p. 53 ). Elements of culture In order for business entities to develop strategic marketing structures, there exists a need for adequate understanding of the elements that underscore the cultural and societal setting. With globalisation and advancement in technologies, emerging trends in business marketing strategies employ the use of advanced communication systems to reach a large number of people simultaneously (Onkvisit and Shaw 2009, p. 74; Hofsede 2001, p. 69). In case business entities fail to recognise and appreciate the cultures of the target audience, the likelihood of the market strategy receiving a backlash from the market remains high. Understanding the different elements that inform human and consumer culture helps rectify this situation thus providing a base for successful market penetration. Language Language plays a vital role in communication. As a component of culture, language defines the interactive relationship between service and product providers and the consumers. D ue to this, marketing managers need to understand every language and communication culture within the target market before initiating a market penetration strategy. Both verbal and non-verbal component of communication encompass the close relationship between consumer cultures and market structures. Adequate understanding of the different language facets enables marketing managers to improve interaction levels with consumers thus developing a sense of mutual benefit between the two parties. If a marketing manager seeks to explore market within an English speaking country, it is upon the manager to develop an advert in English language lest he/she creates a communication barrier. Communication barrier impedes consumers’ understanding of the product thus reducing chances of buying (Solberg 2006, p. 7). Religion As an element of culture, religion informs consumers’ lifestyles, beliefs, values, attitudes, and ways of life. Since different market structures appreciate diffe rent religious doctrines, evidence shows that these differences appear in the consumer likes and preferences. For international marketers in the business world, understanding a country’s religious beliefs helps develop and in depth understanding of the consumer taste and preferences thus creating an ample avenue for market penetrations (Aiyeku and Nwankwo 2002, p. 29). Some religions forbid the sales and distributions of certain goods and services. This means that in case an entrepreneur launches such as product in areas, which religion prohibits its distribution and sale, there exists high chances of product failure. In the Islamic culture, for example, sale and consumption of pork and its related products is an abomination. For entrepreneurs in the pork industry therefore, penetration in the Islamic states like Saudi Arabia remains impossible. Engaging in such a venture leads to business failure. This implies that any investor who seeks entry into such market must develop a n adequate understanding of the religious orientation of the target market to reduce chances of business failure. As Aiyeku and Nwanko (2002, p. 66) argue on their analysis of international marketing strategies, marketing therefore requires a pre-entry study into the religious beliefs and doctrine within the target market to avoid backlash for the target consumers. In developing an exclusive study into the role of religion in marketing, Usunier and Lee (2005) considered religion as a cultural system with predetermined symbols and meaning. In Africa, for example, they claim that traditional religions, Christianity and Islam, form the major religions in Africa. This implies that in developing a market penetration within the African setting, understanding the confines and doctrines of these religions offers an advantage for the success of a business (Hsu 2003, p. 204). In essence, religions influence consumption behaviours and purchase patterns of individuals. For example, in the Niger ian Christian south region, sale and distribution of alcohol remains legal while in the Muslim North, alcohol consumption remains an offence with gross charges upon conviction. On the same note, religion defines the gender roles and activities within certain communities and markets. For example, in the Muslim North region of Nigeria, movements and women activities remained confined to houses as opposed to the Christian dominated region in which women enjoy freedom of movement and purchase (Babor 2010, p. 103). All these differences influence the rate of purchase of good and service. Therefore, an international marketing manager needs an in depth understanding of the religious disparities before implementing a market penetration plan in any market (Essoo and Dibb 2004, p. 709). Values and attitudes Values represent judgments that individuals make in terms of what activities, products, and services they consider vital to their lives. Despite the operating benchmark lying within the le vel of human basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing, these judgments over things valuable to an individual’s vary from one culture to another. Taking into account Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people with high security value several things in comparison to individuals operating within the survival level. This implies that marketing managers need to understand the different values and status of consumers in the target market before introducing their products or services (Keegan and Green 2008, p. 29). Attitudes refer to the psychological states that command people to act or behave in particular ways. Attitudes draw inspiration from individual characters in the society. Likewise, issues such as work, wealth, security, and other human needs affect individual attitudes. Western countries value individualism and personal achievements, while in most Asian and African countries, people value communal and collective stuffs (Beller and Patler 2005, p. 47). Education Edu cational and literacy level in a country defines the level concept grasp among the populations in that particular country. Areas and regions with low literacy levels require communication strategies with relatively less complicated concepts. In the areas with high literacy levels, concepts with complex structures present less problems to the populations (McNall 2011, p. 38). To avoid communication barriers, international marketing managers need to understand the education levels of the target markets in order to come up with the most viable forms of communication. Areas with low literacy levels appreciate visual advertisement structures with minimal written documents, while areas with high literacy level, document advertisements and other sophisticated imitation styles of advertisement present the most viable method of advertisement (Keegan and Green 2013, p. 182). Legal and administrative structures Different countries have different economic and business policies. Some countries b oast of liberal market structures while in other nations businesses remain restricted and under the control of government officials (Friesner 2014). Understanding these differences form the starting point for investment and market penetration. In the Western World, market liberalisation and capitalism encourages individual investment while in the Arab world, investments in the business sector remains relatively under the control of governments (Terpstra and Sarathy 2006, p. 224). Understanding local policies and regulatory frameworks governing the business sector in a country helps the marketing managers to carry out business activities smoothly without interference from the government and other stakeholders. Conclusion Culture exists in varied dimensions. Understanding the facts that underscore the culture of a given market structure enables business entities easy access and penetration. Initiating goods, products, and services in an area under which culture denounces or prohibits such goods and services is a clear market failure for a business. Despite the fact that only a bunch of business franchises carry out adequate cultural assessment of their proposed market, culture continue to define the levels of business success. Analysing and understanding cultural setups of prospective markets enable investors to evaluate the prospects expected from the investments, thus improving the chances of business success. References Aiyeku, J. 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C., and Lee, J 2005, Marketing across cultures, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow, England. This coursework on The Role of Culture in International Marketing was written and submitted by user Dust to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.